Interessante studio comparatistico, alla luce dell'insegnamento di S. Agostino, tra il magistero ratzingeriano e quello bergogliano.
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A Study in Contrasts: Francis, Benedict, Augustine
In the speech delivered at the end of the
Synod, Pope Francis said something puzzling. It was another one of those
invocations of “the God of surprises,” this time in the midst of a stark
opposition between “the letter” and “the spirit”:
One, a temptation to hostile inflexibility, that is, wanting to close oneself within the written word (the letter) and not allowing oneself to be surprised by God, by the God of surprises (the spirit); within the law, within the certitude of what we know and not of what we still need to learn and to achieve. From the time of Christ, it is the temptation of the zealous, of the scrupulous, of the solicitous and of the so-called—today—“traditionalists” and also of the intellectuals.
When I read this, I scratched my
head, recalling the quite different way in which the Pope’s predecessor,
Benedict XVI, had spoken of the spirit and the letter of the Second Vatican
Council, in the address he
delivered only nine years ago today, December 22, 2005:
The hermeneutic of discontinuity risks ending in a split between the pre-conciliar Church and the post-conciliar Church. It asserts that the texts [i.e., the letter] of the Council as such do not yet express the true spirit of the Council. It claims that they are the result of compromises in which, to reach unanimity, it was found necessary to keep and reconfirm many old things that are now pointless. However, the true spirit of the Council is not to be found in these compromises but instead in the impulses toward the new that are contained in the texts.These innovations alone were supposed to represent the true spirit of the Council, and starting from and in conformity with them, it would be possible to move ahead. Precisely because the texts would only imperfectly reflect the true spirit of the Council and its newness, it would be necessary to go courageously beyond the texts and make room for the newness in which the Council’s deepest intention would be expressed, even if it were still vague. In a word:It would be necessary [on that view] not to follow the texts of the Council but its spirit. In this way, obviously, a vast margin was left open for the question on how this spirit should subsequently be defined and room was consequently made for every whim.
One notices how clearly Benedict XVI
warns against the arbitrary exaltation of a “spirit” and “newness” that are in
tension with, if not simply contrary to, the “text” and the “old things”—things
that, when rightly understood, can never really be opposed. He warns against
the temptation of subjectivism and the inevitable power play that results from
it. Who gets to determine which“spirit” is the true expression of the Holy Spirit
and of the Council? Benedict XVI went on to say that those who speak this way fundamentally
misunderstand what a council is all about. It’s not a matter of might makes
right, as if the truth were subject to a vote and the constitution of the
Church to a democratic assembly:
The nature of a Council as such is therefore basically misunderstood. In this way, it is considered as a sort of constituent that eliminates an old constitution and creates a new one.
Certainly for Pope Benedict, there
could be no question whatsoever of eliminating the God-given “constitution” of
the Church or creating a new one for it; and similarly, as he said and wrote
many times, there could be no question of eliminating the traditional liturgy
of the Church or creating a new one whole cloth, de novo, as if the Church had the
ability to repudiate her heritage on the grounds of a surprising new spirit
that compelled her to leave behind the old ways.
One of Pope Benedict’s favorite
authors is St. Augustine
“The letter kills, but the spirit gives life” (2 Cor 3:6) must be understood in the sense which we have already indicated—that the letter of the law, which teaches us not to commit sin, kills, if the life-giving spirit be absent, forasmuch as it causes sin to be known rather than avoided, and therefore to be increased rather than diminished, because to an evil concupiscense there is now added the transgression of the law.We are assisted by divine aid towards the achievement of righteousness—not merely because God has given us a law fall of good and holy precepts, but because our very will, without which we cannot do any good thing, is assisted and elevated by the importation of the Spirit of grace, without which help mere teaching is the letter that kills (2 Cor 3:6) forasmuch as it rather holds them guilty of transgression than justifies the ungodly.Whence it is written in another part of Scripture, He that increases knowledge, increases sorrow (Eccles 1:18)—not that the law is itself evil, but because the commandment has its good in the demonstration of the letter, not in the assistance of the spirit; and if this commandment is kept from the fear of punishment and not from the love of righteousness, it is servilely kept, not freely, and therefore it is not kept at all. For no fruit is good which does not grow from the root of love. If, however, that faith be present which works by love (Gal 5:6), then one begins to delight in the law of God after the inward man (Rom 7:22) and this delight is the gift of the spirit, not of the letter.For there is no doubt that, without His assisting grace, the law is the letter which kills; but when the life-giving spirit is present, the law causes that to be loved as written within, which it once caused to be feared as written without.It is therefore apparent what difference there is between the old covenant and the new—that in the former the law is written on tables, while in the latter on hearts; so that what in the one alarms from without, in the other delights from within; and in the former man becomes a transgressor through the letter that kills, in the other a lover through the life-giving spirit.This is that righteousness of God, which He not only teaches us by the precept of His law, but also bestows upon us by the gift of His Spirit.
For Augustine as for the entire
Christian tradition, the law, the letter, the written word, Tradition and
traditions, all of these are surpassingly good, useful, and salutary—as long as
they are received by one who, raised up by grace, can truly live the demands of these things out of love. Conversely, the Christian
life is inconceivable without these gifts of God that give shape and structure
to it. Christianity is not just about love; it is about law animated by love
and love directed by law. Thus, to oppose the letter to the spirit as if a
zealous maintenance of what is lawful or a certitude about divine law could
ever be opposed to following Christ with a generous spirit and a love for one’s
neighbors is to commit not just a fallacy, but a blasphemy against the goodness
of God who gave us both the
letter and the spirit, law and charity. Moreover, to
suggest that God has in store for us the “surprise” of compromising or undoing
His own letter and making adherence to His revealed word a form of hostile inflexibility
is to surrender Christian doctrine to the philosophical system of Hegel, where
we can expect a steady flow of contradictions as the Absolute Spirit works
itself out in history through a process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
Exotic fantasies, the sound of
which, on a bishop’s tongue, is, to be sure, an unexpected (and undesired)
surprise. But the real “surprise” that we need, today and every day of our
lives, is the grace to perceive and embrace the unfathomable wisdom contained
in the letter—that is, the definite truths of faith and morals that have been
revealed for our salvation and handed down faithfully by the Church of all
ages. Using their intellects to the full, Catholics zealously follow the
definitive letter, the Word of God, thanks to the gratuitous gift of the
Spirit. Hegel, as far as we are concerned, may be shown the door.
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